Source: Over populated islands of Indonesia, for example, Java.
Destination: Under populated outer Islands such as Maluku.
Reasons:
- Government incentives to ease population pressures on Islands such as Java.
- Possibility of spreading development to more remote Islands.
Consequences for area they arrive in:
In total over three million people have moved so this obviously puts great pressures on the areas they arrive in. Thousand of acres of rainforest have been cleared and this has led to soil erosion. Consequently, a large quantity of the land soon becomes unsuitable for farming. This is made worse by the shortage of tool and destruction of crops by wild animals. The remoteness of Islands makes commercial farming very difficult.
There has been friction with the migrants and the indigenous population. Trans-migrants receive two hectares of land as an incentive to move. Indigenous people see this as government favouritism. The tension is accentuated as sometimes migrants are given areas of land that locals used for shifting cultivation.
In some of the least populated Island migrants threaten to completely out number locals.
Consequences for area they leave:
The population on main Islands like Java is continuing to grow rapidly and the trans-migration scheme is providing minimal relief. Also many trans-migrants are returning after having little success on the outer Islands. Transmigration has done little to remove the problems of over-population.
Consequences for the migrant:
Many migrants failed to make a living in the outer Islands finding life more difficult than that in Java. Indeed, average earnings were higher in rural Java than any re-settlement Island.
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